The Israeli–Palestinian conflict is rooted in competing claims to the same land, decades of displacement, occupation, settlement expansion, security concerns and failed attempts to establish a lasting political settlement. The modern conflict was shaped by the creation of Israel in 1948 and the mass displacement of Palestinians, followed by Israel’s occupation of the West Bank, East Jerusalem and Gaza after the 1967 war.
The latest major war began on October 7, 2023, when Hamas-led militants attacked southern Israel, killing around 1,200 people and taking 251 hostages. Israel responded with a massive military campaign in Gaza that caused enormous destruction, displacement and tens of thousands of Palestinian deaths.
A ceasefire announced in October 2025 reduced the intensity of the war and resulted in the release of remaining hostages, but the conflict has not fully ended. Israeli strikes and Palestinian casualties have continued, while Gaza faces a severe humanitarian and infrastructure crisis. At the same time, tensions and violence remain high in the West Bank, particularly around Israeli settlements and Palestinian displacement.
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